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Euphrates softshell turtle
The Euphrates softshell turtle (''Rafetus euphraticus'') is a species of softshell turtle in the Trionychidae family. It is found in the basin of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, and Khūzestān Province of Iran. The species is threatened by waterway pollution and habitat destruction.
==History==
The Euphrates softshell turtle became known to the western science when the French naturalist Guillaume-Antoine Olivier shot a specimen while crossing the Euphrates near Anah in June 1797.〔 The local residents told him that the meat of this animal was not good to eat, but its fat was considered an excellent medication for a variety of skin diseases. Olivier named the species ''Testudo rafcht'', because, as he said "the Arabs called it ''rafcht''".〔. See also plate 41 in the accompanying (atlas ). As Olivier wrote in French, his ''ch'' more or less corresponds to the English ''sh'', or to ''š'' used in the standard transcription of the Arabic.〕
Olivier's book did not explain what the name meant in Arabic; however a number of modern Arabic web pages say that the turtle is known locally as ''ar-rafš''(الرفش), which is translated in standard dictionaries as "the spade" or "the shovel", and perhaps refers to the shape of the creature's carapace.〔E.g., the leaflet (سلحفاة الفرات طريّة الترس Rafetus euphraticu، أغرب سلاحف الماء الحلو في الشرق الأوسط ) from the (WME News ) web site, which also has an English version, (Mesopotamian softshell turtle (Rafetus euphraticus), the strangest fresh water turtle of the Middle East ). ''Ar-rafš''(الرفش) is also contained in a number of web page found by a Google search on "سلحفاة الفرات", which is the Arabic for "Euphrates Turtle" (as seen in the above WME leaflet).〕 Olivier passed the information about the creature to François Marie Daudin, who described it in his ''Histoire des reptiles (1801).〔
Later naturalists apparently often misread Olivier's ''rafcht'' as ''rafeht''.〔"Rafetus euphraticus" in: UWE FRITZ and PETER HAVAŠ, (Checklist of Chelonians of the World ), pp. 181-182. "''Tyrse rafeht'' Gray (ex errore pro ''Testudo rafcht'' Olivier, 1807", etc.)〕 The name ''Rafetus euphraticus'', and the ''Rafetus'' genus itself, were proposed by John Edward Gray in 1864, who mentions in his work that the species had been variously known as ''Trionyx euphraticus'', ''Testudo euphraticus'', ''Trionyx rafeht'', ''Tyrse rafeht'', or ''Testudo rafeht''.〔The ''Rafetus'' section (pp. 81-82) in: Gray, J. E., ''(Revision of the species of Trionychidae found in Asia and Africa, with descriptions of some new species )''. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1864, pp. 76-98〕
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